HOw TO MAKE A QUILT

THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO MAKING YOUR FIrST QUILT

THE BASIC STEPS TO MAKING A QUILT

Here are the basic steps for making a quilt are the same. Below are the details for each step:

1. A quilt has three layers. A bottom layer of fabric, a middle layer of soft, fluffy batting, and a top layer of fabric that is usually pieced together. Thread is used to stitch all three layers together and then the edges are bound to finish off the quilt.

2. Gather your tools. You need snips, a seam ripper, a sewing machine, needles, a cutting mat, a rotary cutter, binder clips, and your materials.

3. Choose a high-quality cotton fabric and cotton thread for your quilt.

4. Cut your fabric pieces for the top of the quilt and follow your pattern to sew it together.

5. Press your seams after you sew each of them.

6. When the top is together, clean up the threads on the back and press it flat.

7. Sew your backing together so it is large enough for the entire quilt. Press it flat.

8. Use your favorite method to baste your quilt. Regardless of the method, turn the backing right side down. Place your batting on top of it and smooth it out. Place your pieced top over the batting with the wrong side to the batting and smooth out. Either use spray baste or pins to secure the three layers together.

9. Quilt by hand or on the sewing machine to stitch all the layers together.

10. Bind the quilt around the edges to finish it off.

11. Label your quilt.

ThE AnAtomy of a Quilt

First friends, a quilt is not a blanket, and a blanket is not a quilt. By definition, a blanket has only one layer. It can me made from a number of different fabrics like fleece, flannel, wool, or cotton. A Blanket can be knitted, woven, or crocheted. Often a blanket has a hem around the edge where the fabric is turned in twice and stitched down.

A quilt has three layers. First, it has a top layer that is either a whole piece of fabric or multiple fabrics cut into smaller shapes and then stitched together. There is also a bottom layer of fabric. Usually, a whole piece of fabric or large pieces of the same fabric pieced together to make the back of the quilt large enough. The top pieced and the backing fabric “sandwich” a piece of batting. Batting can be made of cotton, polyester, wool, or even bamboo. Some quilt battings are blends of more than one type of fiber. After the batting is sandwiched between the top and the backing, the three layers are stitched (or quilted) together by running the thread back and forth between all three layers. Finally, a quilt has a binding, or a strip of fabric that is sewn over the raw edges to hide them and make the quilter stronger.

Pieced Quilt Top: The quilt top is what you are piecing when you follow a quilt pattern. It is referred to as the top because for something to be a quilt and not a blanket, it must have a fluffy inside and a back that sandwiches it all together.

• Batting: Batting is the “fluff” that goes between the top of the quilt that you pieced and a large piece of fabric that is used as the backing.

• Backing: The backing is the large single piece of fabric, or it may also be pierced, that sandwiches the batting to the wrong side of the quilt top.

• Quilt Sandwich: The quilt sandwich refers to the quilt once you have put the top, batting, and backing together, but before it has been quilted. Once it is quilted, it is a quilt.

• Binding: The binding is the strip of fabric that is attached to the raw edge of the sandwich/quilt after it has been quilted. It is folded over and stitched again to hide the raw edges and finish off the quilt.

THE ANATOMY OF A SEWING MACHINE

I have a comprehensive video that explains all the parts of the sewing machine and how to clean it. You can watch that video here. Our sewing machines become our best friend and greatest tool when learning to quilt. Here are some of the key terms you will learn from the video. These terms are the ones you will need to get you started making your first baby quilt.

• Presser Foot or "Foot": The attachment on your machine that cradles the needle and helps pull your fabric under it. It holds the fabric flat as you "feed" it through the machine. It rises and falls with the movement of your fabric in time with the feed dogs.

• Feed Dogs: They look like two or three short, thin metal bars, crosscut with zig-zag-looking teeth. They move front to back inside long, thin slots at the needle plate. They "feed" your fabric through the machine, in timed steps depending on your speed and stitch length.

• Walking Foot: Used for quilt sandwiches or thicker fabrics, the walking foot moves in time with the feed dogs to the bottom of the fabric does get pulled ahead of the top fabric.

• Machine Needle: The needle that goes into your machine that your thread will run through to make each stitch.

• Bobbin: The spool that holds the bottom thread for your stitches.

• Bobbin Case: Holds the Bobbin.

THE BASIC TOOLS NECESSARY TO MAKE A QUILT

Before you can make a quilt, you will need the right tools. There are varieties and brands and qualities out there. People will tell you a specific tool is necessary because they want you to purchase it. There are no shopping links to tools in this guide because my goal is for you to know exactly what you need – not to sell you something. There are of course tools that will make your life “easier,” but the tool may not be necessary for making the quilt. I will include my experience on which tools fall into either category.

My basic method for choosing tools is to find the one that works best for me regardless of the cost. There are tools I have spent more money on than others, and I would again because I believe it is the best suited for the job. If I recommend the cheapest option, it is only because it works. I have a full video on my tool must-haves vs. luxury tools. You can watch it here if you prefer videos.

Tool 1: A 45mm Rotary Cutter and New Blades

Tool 2: Binder Clips (A pack of 10 will do)

Tool 3: Flat Head Pins, long and skinny

Tool 4: Pincushion (I like magnetic, but really only need something to move your pins around the room and keep them contained)

Tool 5: Something to mark your fabric (A regular pen, chalk marker, or pencil)

Tool 6: Scissors or Snips

Tool 7: Seam Ripper

Tool 8: New needles 80/20 for your sewing machine

Tool 9: Iron and pressing board, ironing board, or pressing mat

Tool 10: A cutting mat that measures at least 24” on one side

Tool 11: A ruler that measures 6” x 24” (There are rulers of all sizes, but if you can only buy one – this is the size I would have. I also like OmniGrid and I like for my ruler and mat to be from the same brand.) 

MATERIALS NECESSARY TO MAKE QUILT

All quilts require some basic materials like fabric for the top and for the backing. They require batting, binding fabric, and thread. You simply can’t make a quilt without these items. Each pattern will have a list of the amount of each fabric necessary to make the quilt. It will also include the size of batting needed.  

CHOOSING HIGH QUAlITY qUIlT fABRIC

First, you only want to purchase quilting weight 100% cotton fabric. Do not purchase blends or polyester. Be sure to check your labels and only get 100% cotton fabric for a quilt.  

Now, you can certainly get cheaper fabric at places like Wal-Mart or Hobby Lobby, but friends, I really don’t recommend it. While you may pay half the price per yard, your quilt will likely begin to fade or pill before a high-quality fabric will. The thread counts are lower, and the fabric begins to lose its shape faster. If you are going to take the time to make a lovely quilt – you want it to be lovely for a very long time. Consider visiting a local quilt shop to select fabric. You will be able to feel the difference. Look for brands like Moda, RJT, Cotton + Steel, Art Gallery, and Free Spirit. There are others, but these are my favorites because I love their designers. Happy fabric equals a happy quilt.

HOW TO PURCHASE FABRIC FOr A QUIlT

Purchasing fabric for the first time can be intimidating. The pattern may tell you that “yardage” is required, or it might tell you to purchase fat quarters, Jelly Rolls, or Layer Cakes. What? A Layer Cake? Yes. Let’s look at the diverse ways that fabric is sold these days.

Yardage: When a pattern tells you to purchase a specific among of yardage it will read like: Red – 2.5 yards or Blue - .25 yard (1/4 yard). Fabric yardage is usually sold in quarter yards. A yard is 36” and a quarter yard is 9”. Half a yard is 18” and ¾ yard is 27” long. Yardage comes on a “bolt.” It usually measures 42” to 44” wide. It is folded in half with the wrong sides together and rolled up on a bolt. By rolling the right sides together, it allows you to see the right side or the printed (pretty) side of the fabric. The two edges of the fabric, where they come together on the bolt are called the selvage. On the selvage, you will find the name of the company, designer, and fabric line or collection.

After you bring your fabric home, if you open it up, it will measure the 42” to 44” wide. This is referred to as the Width of Fabric or WOF may be printed in a pattern.

• Selvage: The natural edge of fabric which usually has little dots on one side where it is held onto the printing machine and a label on the other with manufacturer and designer names.

• Width of Fabric (WOF): The WOF usually measures 42”/44” from selvage to selvage depending on the manufacturer.

Precuts: Precuts are a way to purchase fabric that is, as the name suggests, pre-cut to a specific size. Most precuts include one or more of each of the fabrics in a collection by a single designer. Lots of patterns are written for precuts and this will be indicated on the pattern. A number of Jittery Wings patterns are written to be Fat Quarter friendly as an example. The different types of precuts include:

Fat Quarters (FQ): A quarter of a yard of fabric which usually measures 18” to 22” depending on the manufacturer of the fabric. Fat quarters may be sold individually or as a bundle from a full collection of fabric by a single designer. They may also be sold as curated bundles from a Quilt Shop online or in a physical location.

• Fat 8ths: Like a Fat Quarter, the Fat 8th is when a yard of fabric is cut into 8ths. These are sold individually and in bundles. A Fat 8th measures 9” x 21” usually.

• Half Yard Bundle: You can also buy pre-cut bundles of half yards of a full line of fabric. I will often do this for fabric lines I really like and worry the fabric won’t be around forever.

• Jelly Rolls: A Jelly Roll is an actual roll of 2.5” x WOF strips from a single line of fabric by a designer. The edges are pinked to help prevent fraying.

• Honey Buns: Like a Jelly Roll, except it measures 1.5” x WOF.

• Jolly Bar: These precuts measure 5” x 10” and usually include a full line or most of a line by a single designer. The edges are pinked to help prevent fraying.

• Mini Charm Pack: This includes a tiny 2.5” x 2.5” square for each fabric in a line. The edges are pinked to help prevent fraying.

• Charm Pack: This includes a 5” x 5” square for each fabric in a line. The edges are pinked to help prevent fraying.

• Layer Cake: This includes a 10” x 10” square for each fabric in a line. The edges are pinked to help prevent fraying.

Choosing a High-Quality Cotton Thread

I learned to sew making garments. Often with garments, when choosing thread, you want a polyester thread. I learned the hard way that when you make a quilt with polyester thread the shrinkage is so different that the thread looks wonky after washing.

For 100% cotton fabric in quilting, I recommend you use 100% cotton thread. When choosing thread for quilting, you also need to consider the weight and the ply. When looking at thread numbers the top number is usually associated with the weight and the bottom number with the ply. The ply shows how many threads are wound together to make a single strand of thread. So, if the thread reads 50/2 like my favorite quilting thread does that means it is a weight of 50 and a ply of 2.

How Thread Weight is Calculated

The way in which thread companies determine thread weight is inconsistent so it can be very confusing. To help you on your quilting journey, and to keep it simple, I will include my favorite company and how they determine their thread weight.

Aurifil Thread: For Aurifil, a hank is 840 yards or 770 meters. Their weight is determined by the number of hanks necessary to weigh 1 pound. That means that for their 50wt/2ply, there are 50 hanks in a pound of thread. This means that the lower the number, the thicker the thread because it takes fewer hanks to make up that single pound.

Choosing the Best Batting for Your Quilt

Like threads and fabrics, there are a lot of batting options on the market. Batting is made of various types of fibers like cotton, polyester, wool, and bamboo. You can also get blends. Like all things, there are good brands of batting and not-so-good ones. I am currently really loving Quilter’s Dream and Hobbs Battings.

Batting can is sold in individual pre-cut sizes like Crib, Twin, Throw, Queen, and King. It is also sold on long 10, 15, or even 30-yard rolls. Your quilt may be a size other than standard, so be sure to consider that when purchasing. You want your batting to be 3-5” larger on every side if you are having your quilt finished by a longarmer. If you are quilting it yourself, I prefer the batting to be 2-4” longer on all sides.

Before you select your first batting, here are the basics about batting you need to know.

• Batting: Batting is the “fluff” that goes between the top of the quilt that you pieced and a large piece of fabric that is used as the backing.

• Loft: Loft is how “much fluff” there is to the batting. A low loft means that the batting is flatter and less fluffy. A high loft means that the quilt will be very puffy between the stitches. The batting package will recommend the maximum width apart your stitching should be based on the level of the loft.

• Scrim: Some cotton battings have scrim added to them. Scrim is a very thin, mesh-type stabilizer that is needle-punched into the batting. This addition gives batting added strength and stability. This can be helpful in preventing the batting from becoming distorted or stretching as you quilt it on the machine. If you plan to quilt a design with large spaces between the design, choosing batting with scrim can prove to be helpful.

• Wool: Wool batting is excellent for warmer climate areas. If you are gifting a quilt to someone in Florida for example, wool is a great choice because it breathes and allows greater airflow. Wool is also a good choice for those who will be folding up the quilt for any reason and they don’t want it to have creases from the fold. Often show quilts will use wool batting. Wool is often the place where a high loft batting is best found. Wool may or may not have a degree of shrinking. The package will tell you.

• Cotton: Cotton batting or an 80/20 cotton/poly blend often has a low loft by nature. This is where you will likely find scrim. This is good for baby blankets or a basic quilt for cooler temperatures.

• Shrinkage: Batting often has a degree of shrinkage and will show on the package if that can be expected when washed. If you prewash your fabrics, note that you have likely preshrunk them, and the degree of batting shrinkage can make the quilt look more fluffy or bulky after washing. If you don’t prewash your fabrics, the level of fluffy or bulky will be minimized because the batting and fabric will more likely shrink together. (This is the way I prefer it.)

Preparing Your Fabrics

Should You Prewash Your Fabrics?

There is a bit of debate in the quilting world about whether you should prewash your fabrics. Like with all hobbies, there are purists who can suck the fun out of it and become “police.” Here’s what you really need to know to make the best decision for you.

Prewashing

My mom prewashes everything. Why? Because she is allergic to whatever they put on fabrics from the factory.

The BENEFITS of prewashing your fabrics include:

• Preshrinking them

• Getting the “color bleeds” out of the way before you have light and dark fabrics together in the washing machine as a quilt.

The DOWNSIDES of prewashing your fabrics include:

• Fabric edges fray a good deal in the washing machine and dryer. Some people clip the edges and believe this helps. No matter how much I do this, I still lose around a ¼” from all sides. I also have a lot of strings to trim and clean off. This bothers my ADHD a lot!

• All your fabrics have to be pressed really really well after coming out of the dryer.

• It takes longer to get to your fabrics. The washing, drying, and the pressing process adds hours to your total making time.

• You can’t really prewash precuts, so if you mix precuts and prewashed yardage in the same quilt, they will shrink differently during the quilt’s first wash.

Not Prewashing

I don’t prewash. Why? Because it annoys me. I have precuts and yardage, and I don’t want to keep up with what has been prewashed and what has not. I also like that my fabric and batting shrink together during the first wash. With the concern about colors bleeding, I use a LOT of color catchers and I have never had a single problem of bleeding with my high-quality fabrics.

Preparing Your Fabrics for Your First Quilt

Whether you prewash or not, you want to make sure that your fabrics are pressed well.

If you have precuts – don’t handle them more than you need to. The more you move fabric around and touch it, the more it will distort the weave and cause the fabric to lose its shape.

If you have yardage – I like to keep my yardage folded like it was on the bolt. Opening it up makes it difficult to cut strips. Keeping it folded and matching up the selvages makes it much easier to manage.

Should You Starch Your Fabrics?

I do starch my fabrics. I use Best Press, but any starch will work. I find it helps the fabric hold its shape especially before cutting and before basting the quilt. What about just using steam you ask? Well, like prewashing, this is based on your preference. There are long-time professional quilters who use steam. There is also information out there about the steam and heat shrinking the fabric a little each time which can cause your fabric pieces to become the incorrect size. I haven’t tried it, so I can say either way, but it seems logical.

When you are pressing fabric in quilting, it isn’t the same as ironing your clothes. Ironing involves placing the iron on the fabric and literally pressing down while sliding the iron around. This WILL distort the fabric. It will loosen the weave. Do not “iron.”

Instead, press. Place the iron on the fabric, hold it for a short bit and then lift and move.

Fat Quarter unfolded before starching and pressing. You can see how the creases are prominent in the fabric.

Fat quarter after pressing. You can see that some of the creases are still faint. I don’t worry too much about this. I press one side and turn the fat quarter over to press the other side.

Cutting Your Fabrics for Your First Quilt

Cutting your fabrics correctly is a critical step in a lovely quilt. Incorrect cuts can not only waste fabric but cause frustration when you begin trying to match up your seams. The Golden Rule for Quilting is “measure twice and cut once.”

Learn to Use Your Rotary Cutter

I have a full video tutorial on how to use a rotary cutter. You can watch that here. When using a rotary cutter, there are things you must keep in mind. It is simple in theory, but I do encourage you to practice and improve your skills until they become natural to you. It is a superior method to using scissors. It is faster, more accurate, and your cuts will be much cleaner.

1. Keep your rotary cutter closed after each use so you don't accidentally hurt yourself or a little person/fur baby. 

2. Always cut away from you or across the top. Never cut back toward you or under your arm. 

3. Make a first cut to give yourself a clean line to begin all other cuts from. Line up the edge of your ruler with a line on the mat. 

4. Keep three points of pressure with your fingers. If at least one finger can be on the edge of the ruler and equally on the fabric/mat, that is the strongest position. 

5. Keep your rotary cutter straight up and down so the blade is a 90-degree angle to the mat and rides along the edge of the ruler. 

6. Walk your hand up the ruler maintaining pressure to keep it next to the rotary cutter. As you run the cutter up the edge of the ruler, be mindful of keeping the cutter next to/touching the ruler. There is a tendency to veer away from the ruler, which will make your cuts wonky.

7. If your cutter is skipping places where it cuts there may be dirt on your mat or fabric or you need a new, sharper blade. 

8. After your first edge is clean, you can turn your fabric to line that up with a new line on your mat to position yourself for your next cut. 

9. MEASURE TWICE - CUT ONCE! Count in both directions because you can see things differently. 

10. Keep turning the ruler and/or the fabric to line up the ruler on each new cut until your piece is the size you need. 

How to Press Your Seams on Your First Quilt

When you begin pressing seams, you can either press them open or to the side, but for this quilt, we will press our seams open.  

Pressing Seams Open: To press your seams open, first press them closed.   What? I know, hang with me. As soon as you pull the stitched seam off the sewing machine, the seam is flat, and the fabrics are together.

Lay the sewn-together fabric pieces on the pressing board and place the iron on the visible stitches. This is called “setting the stitches.” The heat of the iron helps the stitches set into the fabric. It also warms up the fabric so you can finger press the seam open.

Next, open the seam up while it is still warm, and finger press it open. The right sides of the fabric will be face down on the mat.

Then press the seams open with the iron. This is also an appropriate time to use starch.

When you are finished, your seams will look like this on the back.

They will look like this on the front – nice and flat. You should never skip this step. Taking the time to press will help your seams come together much better when you sew the blocks together.